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Appendix

Methodological limitations

Evaluation fatigue may have reduced the participation in engagement activities.

Several agencies conducted their own internal evaluations over the course of the trial and did not participate in Digital Transformation Agency’s overall evaluation.

Mitigations: where possible, the evaluation has drawn on agency-specific evaluation to complement findings.

The non-randomised sample of trial participants may not reflect the views of the entire APS.

Participants self-nominated to be involved in the trial, contributing to a degree of selection bias. The representation of APS job families and classifications in the trial differs from the proportions in the overall APS.

Mitigations: the over and underrepresentation of certain groups has been noted. Statistical significance and standard error were calculated, where applicable, to ensure robustness of results.

There was an inconsistent roll out of Copilot across agencies.

Agencies began the trial at different stages, meaning there was not an equal opportunity to build capability or identify use cases. Agencies also used different versions of Copilot due to frequent product releases.

Mitigations: there is a distinction between what may be a functionality limitation of Copilot and when a feature has been disabled by an agency.

Measuring the impact of Copilot relied on trial participants’ self-assessment of productivity benefits.

Trial participants were asked to estimate the scale of Copilot’s benefits, which may naturally under or overestimate its impact.

Mitigations: where possible, the evaluation has compared productivity findings against other evaluations and external research to verify its validity.

Statistical significance of outcomes

The trial of Copilot for Microsoft 365 involved the distribution of nearly 5,765 Copilot licenses across 56 participating agencies. As part of engagement activities — consultations and surveys — the evaluation gathered the experience and sentiment from over 2,000 trial participants representing more than 45 agencies. Insights were further strengthened by the findings from internal evaluations completed by certain agencies. The sample size was sufficient to ensure 95% confidence intervals of reported proportions (at the overall level) were within a margin of error of 5%.

There were 3 questions asked in the post-use survey that were originally included in either the pre-use or pulse survey. These questions were repeated to compare responses of trial participants before and after the survey and measure the change in sentiment. A t-test was used to determine whether changes were statistically significant at a 5% level of significance.